I think I take more issue with people treating cartoons and anime as mutually exclusive terminology than I do with people designating terms by region. Speaking in terms of anime and not-anime is useful when talking about trends, techniques, and influence, but beyond that the distinction is sorta ridiculous because anime is an industry rather than a medium or genre (the medium being animation).
All Japanese animation is anime, and no western animation is anime (no, Avatar: The Last Airbender is not an anime (n) despite being anime (adj) as fuck), but Japanese cartoons also exist* (i.e. anime cartoons—the terms aren’t mutually exclusive), and similarly not all western animated properties are cartoons.
*Sazae-san, Pokémon, a significant chunk of Lupin III, etc. are good examples of Japanese cartoons
TL;DR either all animation is cartoons or cartoons are a genre that’s not region locked.
In french, we also make the difference between comics and "bande-dessinée" which are the sort of covered comics you'd find in librairies.
Yeah, the English equivalent of this term is “graphic novel.” Dunno if the French translates directly but I’m p. sure the medium is the same. I tend to distinguish comics by strip, magazine, book, graphic novel and webtoon and then put them under western, manga, manhwa etc. afterwards, as you will get versions of each for all three industries/layouts to the point that I tend to think of them as umbrellas rather than anything else.
